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To optimize key enzymes, such as to explore the gene resources and to modify the expression level, can maximize metabolic pathways of target products. β-carotene is a terpenoid compound with important application value. Lycopene cyclase (CrtY) is the key enzyme in β-carotene biosynthesis pathway, catalyzing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent cyclization reaction and β-carotene synthesis from lycopene precursor. We optimized lycopene cyclase (CrtY) to improve the synthesis of β-carotene and determined the effect of CrtY expression on metabolic pathways. Frist, we developed a β-carotene synthesis module by coexpressing the lycopene β-cyclase gene crtY with crtEBI module in Escherichia coli. Then we simultaneously optimized the ribosome-binding site (RBS) intensity and the species of crtY using oligo-linker mediated DNA assembly method (OLMA). Five strains with high β-carotene production capacity were screened out from the OLMA library. The β-carotene yields of these strains were up to 15.79-18.90 mg/g DCW (Dry cell weight), 65% higher than that of the original strain at shake flask level. The optimal strain CP12 was further identified and evaluated for β-carotene production at 5 L fermentation level. After process optimization, the final β-carotene yield could reach to 1.9 g/L. The results of RBS strength and metabolic intermediate analysis indicated that an appropriate expression level of CrtY could be beneficial for the function of the β-carotene synthesis module. The results of this study provide important insight into the optimization of β-carotene synthesis pathway in metabolic engineering.
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Objective To compare three kinds of operation method in the treatment of glaucoma with cata-ract indications and clinical efficacy .Methods 90 patients with glaucoma combined with cataract were randomly divided into A,B,C three groups,patients in group A underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation therapy , patients in group B underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with peripheral iridectomy treat -ment,patients in group C underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation and trabecular bite resection ,compared three groups of patients with clinical curative effect The .Results of three groups of patients before treatment and operation visual acuity compared to no significant difference (P>0.05),the treatment after operation,all patients vis-ual acuity was improved ,no significant difference in visual contrast and three group of patients after operation ( P>0.05).Three groups of patients before operation ,1 week after operation,6 months after the IOP had no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05);the same group of patients before and after operation in different time points .The intraocular pressure had significant differences (P<0.05).Three groups of patients with postoperative iris root is rela-tively flat,wide angle increases,and the remaining peripheral iris mucosal area has been narrowed ,visible range be-come larger;no serious complication occurred .Conclusion Glaucoma patients with cataract treated with three kinds of operation mode ,can significantly improve the visual acuity of patients ,so it has high value in clinical application .
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Objective To observe recycle homorheology index of two autologous blood recover machines in orthopedic operation , including maximum deformation index (DImax) ,aggregation index(AImax) ,osmotic fragility ,hematocrit(Hct) ,hemoglobin(Hb) , blood electrolytes and pH value ,the changes of in vivo Hct ,Hb ,blood electrolyte and pH value after the autotransfusion to provide references for rational clinical use of cell salvage .Methods Seventy‐six patients were randomly divided into group A (CATS) and group B (Cell Saver) ,38 cases in each group .Autologous test of DImax ,AImax ,osmotic fragility ,Hct ,Hb ,blood electrolytes ,pH value and Hct ,Hb ,osmotic fragility ,pH value of patients before and after autotransfusion ,24 h after operation ,used to determine the in vivo salvaged were measured .Results DImax of group A were lower than that of group B with no difference(P0 .05) ,but was lower than the reference value .RBC osmotic fragility curve shifted to the right in group A ,each index was significantly lower than its reference value(P0 .05) .The in vivo Hct of both groups after autotransfusion were significantly higher than before(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The hemorheology index and quality of salvaged blood acquired from these two cell salvage systems in orthopae‐dic operation have no obvious differences .The function of these two kinds of cell salvage systems is safer and reliable .
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of anesthesia with etomidate administered by TCI in combination with continuous iv remifentanil infusion titrated to maintain BIS values at 40-60 for non-cardiac surgery in a prospective randomized single-blinded multicenter controlled clinical study.Methods Two hundred and forty-four ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes aged 20-60 yr undergoing non-cardiac surgery lasting less than 3 h were randomly allocated into 2 groups:etomidate group (group E,n =123) and propofol group (group P,n =121 ).The patients were unpremedicated.A bolus of midazolam 0.03 mg/kg was injected iv immediately before induction of anesthesia.Anesthesia was induced with sufentanil 0.3-0.4 μg/kg and TCI of etomidate (effect-site concentration (Ce) =0.5-1.0 μg/ml) or propofol (Ce =3-4 μg/ml).Tracheal intubation was facilitated with rocuronium 0.9 mg/kg.The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT 8-10 ml/kg,RR 10-12 bpm,FiO2 =1 ).PETCO2 was maintained at 35-40 mm Hg.Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of etomidate ( Ce =0.3-0.8 μg/ml ) or propofol ( Ce =3-4 μg/ml) in combination with continuous iv infusion of remifentanil at 0.1-1.0 μg· kg-1 ·min-1 and intermittent iv boluses of rocuronium.BIS values were maintained at 40-60 during operation.Sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg was administered iv before skin closure.Ce at loss of consciousness,during maintenance of anesthesia and at emergence,the consumption of remifentanil and vasoactive agents,the emergence time and extubation time were recorded.The incidences of injecton pain,post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and emergence agitation were measured.Results Ce of etomidate at loss of consciousness,at emergence and during maintenance of anesthesia was (0.50 ± 0.22),(0.16 ± 0.09) and 0.22-0.39 μg/ml respectively.The incidence of injection pain and the consumption of vasoactive agents were significantly lower but more remifentanil was needed in group E than in group P (P ＜0.05 or 0.01).There was no significant difference in emergence time and extubation time between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of PONV and emergence agitation were significantly higher during recovery in group E than in group P ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion The hemodynamics is stabler during operation,but the incidence of PONV and emergence agitation are significantly higher during recovery in group E than in group P.Etomidate induces little injection pain.
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Co-fermentation of glucose and xylose is critical for cellulosic ethanol, as xylose is the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolysate. In this study, a xylose-utilizing recombinant Zymomonas mobilis TSH01 was constructed by gene cloning, and ethanol fermentation of the recombinant was evaluated under batch fermentation conditions with a fermentation time of 72 h. When the medium containing 8% glucose or xylose, was tested, all glucose and 98.9% xylose were consumed, with 87.8% and 78.3% ethanol yield, respectively. Furthermore, the medium containing glucose and xylose, each at a concentration of 8%, was tested, and 98.5% and 97.4% of glucose and xylose was fermented, with an ethanol yield of 94.9%. As for the hydrolysate of corn stover containing 3.2% glucose and 3.5% xylose, all glucose and 92.3% xylose were consumed, with an ethanol yield of 91.5%. In addition, monopotassium phosphate can facilitate the consumption of xylose and enhance ethanol yield.
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Ethanol , Metabolism , Fermentation , Glucose , Metabolism , Recombination, Genetic , Xylose , Metabolism , Zymomonas , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of ropivacaine-lidocaine carbonate mixture versus equivalent ropivacaine for retrograde infraclavicular brachial plexus block.MethodsSixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes aged 18-64 yr weighing 49-98 kg undergoing elective upper limb surgery with ultrasoumd-guided retrograde infraclavicular brachial plexus block were randomly assigned into two groups ( n ＝ 30 each):group A 0.35％ ropivacaine 30 ml and group B 0.233％ ropivacaine mixed with 0.346％ lidocaine carbonate 30 ml.Sensory (by pinprick test) and motor block (by Bromage scale) were assessed every 5 min after block.The onset time of sensory and motor block of each brachial nerve,the effective rate of sensory and motor block at 30 min after brachial plexus block and complications were recorded.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the onset time of sensory and motor block of each brachial nerve and the effective rate of sensory and motor nerve block between the 2 groups.No severe complication occurred in either group.ConclusionsThe efficacy of retrograde infraclavicular brachial plexus block with ropivacaine-lidocaine carbonate mixture and equivalent ropivacaine is similar suggesting that lidocaine carbonate does not enhance the anesthetic efficacy.
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We enrolled 60 patients with American Association of Anesthesiologists grade Ⅰ - Ⅱ undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty. All patients received combined epidural and spinal anesthesia,and a nerve stimulator was used to guide placement of a femoral nerve catheter. Patients were divided into three groups according to the catheter location on X-ray : psoas muscle group ( n = 18 ), iliacus muscle group (n = 19) and local group (n =23). Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded at rest and with movement at 4, 24 and 48 h postoperatively and sensory blockade of the femoral, obturator and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves was recorded at 24 h.There were no significant differences in femoral nerve blockade among the three groups. Obturator nerve blockade was significantly better in the psoas muscle group than in the iliacus muscle and local groups, and was also better in the local group than in the iliacus muscle group. There was no significant difference in lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blockade between the psoas muscle and iliacus muscle groups, but there was better blockade in both these groups than in the local group. At 4 h postoperatively, VAS pain scores at rest were significantly lower in the psoas muscle group than in the iliacus muscle and local groups, but there were no significant differences in VAS pain scores with movement among the three groups. At 24 and 48 h postoperatively, VAS scores at rest and with movement were significantly lower in the psoas muscle group than in the iliacus muscle and local groups.
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Objective To determine the median effective dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine for ultrasoundguided lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block. Methods Twenty-three ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes, aged 19-20 yr weighing 52-90 kg received lateral popliteal nerve block guided with ultrasound for foot and ankle surgery.The volume of 0.5% ropivacaine injected was determined by the response of the previous patient using an up-anddown technique. The initial volume was 18 ml. Each time the volume increased/decreased by 2 ml.Successful nerve block was defined as complete loss of pinprick sensation in both tibial and common peroneal nerve distribution with concomitant inability to perform plantar or dorsal flexion of the foot 30 min after injection. Results The median effective dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine resulting in complete block of the sciatic nerve in 50% patients was 13 ml (95% confidence interval 11.3-14.9 ml).Conclusion The median effective dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided lateral popliteal sciatic nerve is 13.0 ml.
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Objective To investigate the effects of 1% ropivacaine injected epineurally or intraneurally on the recovery of sciatic nerve from acute injury in rats. Methods Seventy-two healthy male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g were xandomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 18 each): group Ⅰ epineural injection of normal saline(NS)(group C1); group Ⅱ intraneural injection of NS (group C2); group Ⅲ epineural injection of 1% ropivacaine (group Epi-R) and group Ⅳ intraneural injection of 1% ropivacaine (group Intra-R). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 3% pentobarbital 60 mg/kg. The sciatic nerve was exposed and crushed with blood vessel clamp for 2 min. NS or 1% ropivacaine 0.2 ml was injected epineurally or intraneurally after release of the clamp.Sciatic nerve function was measured and sciatic nerve function index (SFI) was calculated at day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21and 28 after operation. Six animals in each group were anesthetized on the 14th and 28th day after operation and the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the sciatic nerve was measured. The sciatic nerve was then removed for histologic examination. Results There was no significant difference in SFI and NCV at all time points among group C1 , C2 and Epi-R. SFI was almost normal on the 28th day after operation in the 3 groups. The NCV was significantly slower at day 14 and 28 after operation in intra-R group than in the other 3 groups. Conclusion Intra-neural injection of ropivacaine can significantly delay the recovery of sciatic nerve from acute injury.
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The recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass makes its hydrolysis by cellulases less effective, and the consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) strategy that combines enzyme production, cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation, particularly the synergetic role of different microbes in attacking cellulose component could be a solution. In this article, a facultative anaerobe microbial consortium named H was isolated, which exhibited high stability even after 30 subcultures, with pH ranging from 6 to 9. Within three days, 0.5 g filter paper immerged in 100 mL PCS buffer was completely degraded, and 1.54 g/L ethanol was produced, correspondingly. Further analysis on the component of the microbe consortium was carried out though 16S rDNA and DGGE, and Clostridium thermosuccinogene, Clostridium straminisolvens and Clostridium isatidis that can directly convert cellulose to ethanol were identified, indicating that Clostridium spp. played important role in cellulose degradation through the synergistic coordination of different species, and the characterization of the consortium will benefit the analysis of the underlying mechanisms as well as the optimization of the CBP process for more efficient cellulose degradation and ethanol production.
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Bacteria, Anaerobic , Metabolism , Cellulase , Metabolism , Cellulose , Metabolism , Clostridium , Classification , Metabolism , Clostridium thermocellum , Metabolism , Culture Techniques , Methods , Ethanol , Metabolism , Fermentation , Hydrolysis , Industrial Microbiology , Methods , Microbial Consortia , Physiology , Microbial InteractionsABSTRACT
A robust strain of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC1949 was screened and identified, and advanced solid state fermentation (ASSF) technology for fuel ethanol production from sweet sorghum stalks was thus developed. The fermentation time was shortened to less than 30 h, and ethanol yield was 92% of its theoretical maximum. And in the meantime, the cost-effective storage was established for sweet sorghum stalks, with less than 5% sugar loss after 200 days of storage, making the plant operation could extend up to 200 days without feedstock shortage. With the fermentation kinetics and heat-mass transfer models, modeling of the ASSF process was investigated, and the rotating drum bioreactor was designed. Furthermore, the ASSF technology was successfully applied in the pilot plant in which the rotating drum bioreactor was scaled up to 127 m3, and ethanol yield of 91% was achieved. At the end, techno-economic analysis (TEA) conducted by ASPEN indicated that ethanol production from sweet sorghum stalks by the ASSF is economically competitive.
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Bioreactors , Microbiology , Ethanol , Metabolism , Fermentation , Industrial Microbiology , Methods , Models, Theoretical , Plant Stems , Metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Metabolism , Sorghum , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the blood-saving efficacy of acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH)-hemostatics-intraoperative blood salvage (IOBS) in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia with an expected blood loss of 800 ml or more, were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 30 each) : AHH + IOBS + hemostatics group; IOBS + hemostatics group; AHH + IOBS group; AHH + bemostatics group. AHH was induced with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 15 ml/kg infused iv at a rate of 40 ml/min immediately after tracheal intubation until the time of immediately before skin incision, IOBS was performed immediately before skin incision. Intravenous hemocoagulase 2 kU and im hemocoagulase 1 kU were injected 10 min before skin incision. The total volume of fluid intake and output, HR, MAP and CVP were recorded during the operation. Vein blood samples were taken for determination of Hb, Hct, platelet counts (Plt), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen concentration (Fib) .Results CVP was significantly lower in IOBS+ hemostatics group than in AHH + IOBS + hemestaties group ( P < 0.05), while no significant difference in CVP was found between AHH + IOBS and AHH + IOBS + hemostatics group and between AHH + hemostatics and AHH +IOBS + hemostaties group (P > 0.05). The volume of blood loss was significantly higher in AHH + IOBS group, and the allogenic blood transfusion volume was significantly higher, while the percentage of the patients without allogeneie blood transfusion and without FFP transfusion lower in AHH + hemostatics group than in AHH + IOBS + hemostatics group ( P < 0.05 or 0.01 ), but there were no significant differences in the above parameters between IOBS + hemostatics group and AHH + IOBS + hemostatics group ( P > 0.05). Hb, Hct, Plt and Fib were significantly higher in IOBS + hemostatics group than in AHH + IOBS + hemostafics group( P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the above parameters between AHH + IOBS and AHH +IOBS + hemostatics group and between AHH + hemostatics and AHH + IOBS + hemestatlcs group (P > 0.05 ). Conclusion The blood-saving efficacy of AHH-bemostatics-IOBS is good in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery and it is a safe technique.
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The effect of cultivation conditions on the optical purity of L(+)-lactic acid produced by Rhizopus oryzae HZS6 was investigated. The isomeric composition of lactic acid was influenced by the supplementation of L(+)-lactic acid to fermentation medium. L(+)-isomer increased with the dosage, no D(-)-lactic acid was observed when the concentration of supplemented L(+)-lactic acid in matrix was > or = 1.5 g/L. However, the L(+)-lactic acid yield, biomass and glucose conversion rate decreased with the dosage. With the same method, the supplementation of L(+)-lactic to substrate had no influence on isomeric composition of lactic acid by Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli.
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Culture Media , Chemistry , Fermentation , Lactic Acid , Chemistry , Rhizopus , Metabolism , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The present status of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the discrepancies between TCM and Western medicine were reviewed. It was suggested that modernization of the research and deve lopment of TCM should be established on the basis of the essentials of TCM senses to upgrade its extraction processes, analytical precision, and rational pharmaceutical preparations, which can be accurately prescribed, easily absorbable with better bioavailability to achieve a more favorable patient compliance and therapeutic results It was also pointed out that TCM, with its thousands years of practical clinical experiences, has its unique features and promising future to meet the desire in pursuit of return to Mother Nature It was believed that eventually, the modernized TCM will keep pace with or even surpass the Western medicine for the general welfare of mankind
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The BALB/c mice were immunized with human O blood cells. Their spleen cells were fused with murine myeloma cells Ns-1 with PEG. The monoclonal antibodies were identified with human panelled cells. Two clones secreting monoclonal anti-M(2Al and 3F6)and another two clones secreting monoclonal anti-N(4E3 and 7G5)were identified. All these clones could consistently secrete IgM antibodies. In typing 300 different RBC samples,the specificity of antibodies were identical to those of commercial humen anti-M and anti-N typing sere reagent. Significantly, anti-N reagent 4E3 differed from anti-N reagent 7G5, which the former one couldn't be absorbed by M erythrocytes at all,while the latter one absorbed by M erythroeytes.